A complex mixture of ionophores
Enniatins, analogues of beauvericin, is a regular cyclic hexadepsipeptide isolated from Fusarium species of fungis, also they have been isolated from other genera, such as Verticillium and Halosarpheia [1]. They have been involved in many biological activities, such as antiinsectan, antifungal, antibiotic and cytotoxic [1].
In vitro: Fusafungine is a mixture of several enniatins with bacteriostatic activity against most micro-organisms responsible for infections and superinfections of the respiratory tract. Fusafungine has been developed for treatment of upper respiratory tract infections by oral and/or nasal inhalation. Fusafungine in low concentrations down-regulated the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) by activated macrophages, inhibited the production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, TNFα and IL-6 and inhibited the release of oxygen free radicals by inflammatory macrophages without altering their phagocytic activity. Fusafungine also inhibited T-cell activation and proliferation, and the synthesis of IFN-γ by activated T cells [2]. Exposure 8 h to Enniatins at nanomolar concentrations significantly stimulated cell proliferation. At low micromolar concentrations, enniatins exihibited profound apoptosis-inducing effects against various human cancer cell types. In the fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, Enniatins induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. In human cancer cells, elevated ENN concentrations induced profound p53-dependent cytostatic and p53-independent cytotoxic activities [3]. Enniatin easily incorporated into the cell membrane in which it formed cation-selective pores [4].
参考文献:
[1] Sy-Cordero A A, Pearce C J, Oberlies N H.? Revisiting the enniatins: a review of their isolation, biosynthesis, structure determination and biological activities[J]. The Journal of antibiotics, 2012, 65(11): 541-549.
[2] German-Fattal M.? Fusafungine, an antimicrobial with anti-inflammatory properties in respiratory tract infections[J]. Clinical Drug Investigation, 2001, 21(9): 653-670.
[3] Dornetshuber R, Heffeter P, Kamyar M R, et al.? Enniatin exerts p53-dependent cytostatic and p53-independent cytotoxic activities against human cancer cells[J]. Chemical research in toxicology, 2007, 20(3): 465-473.
[4] Kamyar M, Rawnduzi P, Studenik C R, et al.? Investigation of the electrophysiological properties of enniatins[J]. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 2004, 429(2): 215-223.
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