Background
Marinobufagenin (MBG) is a bufadienolide steroid first isolated from toads of genus Bufo. It can also be excreted by mammalian cells, particularly kidney cells from hypertensive animals. MBG inhibits the ouabain-resistant α1 Na+/K+ ATPase subunit (IC50 = 78 nM), impairing a major sodium pump of the kidneys, resulting in natriuresis and arterial hypertension. Serum and urine levels of MBG are also elevated after cardiac infarction, and a reduced form of MBG, marinobufotoxin, occurs in the plasma of patients with terminal renal failure. Through its effects on the α1 Na+/K+ ATPase subunit, MBG has profound immediate and prolonged effects on kidney, heart, and vascular functions.
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