A long-chain saturated fatty acid
Palmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises approximately 25 and 65% of human total plasma lipids and saturated fatty acids, respectively.1,2 Acylation of palmitic acid to proteins facilitates anchoring of membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer and trafficking of intracellular proteins, promotes protein-vesicle interactions, and regulates various G protein-coupled receptor functions.1 Palmitic acid (200 µM) increases NF-?B p65 levels, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cells, as well as increases migration of AsPC-1 cells.3 It increases COX-2 levels in RAW 264.7 cells and increases LPS-induced IL-1β levels and caspase-1 activity in isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages.4,5 Dietary administration of palmitic acid (2.2% w/w for 12 weeks) increases mouse hippocampal β-secretase 1 (BACE1) activity and amyloid β (1-42) levels.6 It also induces systolic contractile dysfunction in isolated mouse hearts.7 Red blood cell palmitic acid levels are increased in patients with metabolic syndrome compared to patients without metabolic syndrome and are also increased in the plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes compared to individuals without diabetes.8,9
Palmitic acid MaxSpec®sup>? standard is a quantitative grade standard of palmitic acid that has been prepared specifically for mass spectrometry and related applications where quantitative reproducibility is required. The solution has been prepared gravimetrically and is supplied in a deactivated glass ampule sealed under argon. The concentration was verified by comparison to an independently prepared calibration standard. This palmitic acid MaxSpec®sup>? standard is guaranteed to meet identity, purity, stability, and concentration specifications and is provided with a batch-specific certificate of analysis. Ongoing stability testing is performed to ensure the concentration remains accurate throughout the shelf life of the product. Note: The amount of solution added to the vial is in excess of the listed amount. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately measure volumes for preparation of calibration standards. Follow recommended storage and handling conditions to maintain product quality.
1.Fatima, S., Hu, X., Gong, R.-H., et al.Palmitic acid is an intracellular signaling molecule involved in disease developmentCell. Mol. Life Sci.76(13)2547-2557(2019) 2.Santos, M.J., López-Jurado, M., Llopis, J., et al.Influence of dietary supplementation with fish oil on plasma fatty acid composition in coronary heart disease patientsAnn. Nutr. Metab.39(1)52-62(1995) 3.Binker-Cosen, M.J., Richards, D., Oliver, B., et al.Palmitic acid increases invasiveness pancreatic cancer cells AsPC-1 through TLR4/ROS/NF-κB/MMP-9 signaling pathwayBiochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.484(1)152-158(2017) 4.Lee, J.Y., Sohn, K.H., Rhee, S.H., et al.Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated through Toll-like receptor 4J. Biol. Chem.276(20)16683-16689(2001) 5.Karasawa, T., Kawashima, A., Usui-Kawanishi, F., et al.Saturated fatty acids undergo intracellular crystallization and activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophagesArterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.38(4)744-756(2018) 6.Marwarha, G., Rostad, S., Lilek, J., et al.Palmitate increases β-site AβPP-cleavage enzyme 1 activity and amyloid-β genesis by evoking endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent C/EBP homologous protein activationJ. Alzheimers Dis.57(3)907-925(2017) 7.Knowles, C.J., Cebova, M., and Pinz, I.M.Palmitate diet-induced loss of cardiac caveolin-3: A novel mechanism for lipid-induced contractile dysfunctionPLoS One8(4)e61369(2013) 8.Yi, L.-Z., He, J., Liang, Y.-Z., et al.Plasma fatty acid metabolic profiling and biomarkers of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on GC/MS and PLS-LDAFEBS Lett.580(30)6837-6845(2006) 9.Kabagambe, E.K., Tsai, M.Y., Hopkins, P.N., et al.Erythrocyte fatty acid composition and the metabolic syndrome: A national heart, lung, and blood institute GOLDN studyClin. Chem.54(1)154-162(2008)
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